The answer has to do with the difference between your profit when you sell fund shares, and the fund's profit when it sells individual securities. As a fund buys and sells securities during the year, it will typically have some gains and some losses. At the end of the year, losses are subtracted from gains to determine the fund's shareholder distribution. The fund also may use losses from previous years to help offset gains.
By law, gains and/or income must be distributed each year; typically, those distributions occur around the end of the year and are taxable (unless the fund is held in a tax-advantaged account such as an IRA). Even if a fund is down at the end of that year, it may still have capital gains from earlier sales of securities.
Example: In 2002, Cesar's stock fund bought 10,000 shares of XYZ Corporation for $33 a share. By the end of last year, the share price had reached $50, helping to push up the net asset value (NAV) the fund reported on its year-end statement to shareholders. This year, XYZ's price drops to $43. The fund's manager, concerned that XYZ might fall still further, sells the shares for a $100,000 profit. However, other shares held by the fund drop in value, and Cesar's end-of-year statement now shows a lower balance compared to the year before. Because the fund did not sell shares to realize losses, it must still pass its $100,000 XYZ profit on to shareholders as capital gains distributions.
Good News, Bad News
Owing taxes on distributions from a fund that's down is especially likely in years when a fund experiences substantial redemptions. If your fellow investors in a mutual fund have been pulling money out, the manager might have had to sell securities in order to meet those redemption demands. High market volatility also could mean a greater than usual level of capital gains distributions by funds with managers who traded actively, either to try to lock in gains or avoid further losses.
Some capital gains distributions this year may be affected by what happened in 2000-2002. Many funds that suffered during the bear market could use those losses in subsequent years to offset any capital gains and minimize that year's taxable distribution. However, many funds have now used up their losses from the down years, leaving their managers with fewer leftover losses to offset any current gains from selling individual securities.
Tax Factors to Consider in Fund Selection
One way to minimize such problems is to consider a fund's tax efficiency in advance. Taxes shouldn't be the single deciding factor in any investment decision. However, when assessing the capital gains impact of a potential purchase, consider the following points:
- Some mutual funds tend to be more susceptible to the capital-gains dilemma than others. For example, funds with a high turnover ratio buy and sell more often and may generate more capital gains distributions.
- Some actively managed funds are designed specifically to be tax efficient, taking capital gains into account when making trading decisions.
- A fund's long-term capital gains will be taxed at a more favorable rate than its short-term gains.
- Bond funds can experience capital gains and losses from the sale of individual bonds.
- Each mutual fund must report its after-tax return in its prospectus.
A (Small) Consolation
If you are squeezed by both a loss in your fund's value and a capital gains distribution this year, remind yourself that at least the maximum tax rate on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends is 15% until January 1, 2011 (less if you're in the 15% or 10% tax bracket).
You also may be able to offset capital gains from one mutual fund by taking a capital loss on another investment. A financial professional can help you assess the potential tax impact of a given mutual fund, as well as the best way to manage any capital gains liability.